From a European perspective, the Danish working time is often described as short, and if the average hours worked by Danes in employment is compared to that of other EU countries, their working time is indeed short., However, many men and women participate in the labour market in Denmark, and taking this into account, is the Danes’ working time then actually short? This is the question that we examine in this analysis in which the Danes’ weekly working time is assessed by two different methods. In this context, we also look into groups in Denmark working more or less than the average of other European countries., , Major findings of the analysis: , , The Danish employment rate is relatively high, and Danish women have the third highest employment rate in the EU., If the working time is assessed in proportion to the number of persons in the population, the Danes’ average weekly working time is in the midrange and slightly above the EU average. The Danish working time per person in the population, however, is shorter than that of Sweden, Germany and Great Britain., The relatively short working time per person in employment is partly due to the fact that many students are working too. If students are disregarded, the Danish working time per person in employment is closer to, but still approximately one and a half hours shorter than the European countries included in the analysis., The working time per person in employment between 60 and 74 years is about the average of the European countries included in the analysis, whereas the working time per person in the population in this age group is somewhat above the average. This is because the employment rate among the 60-74-year-old Danes is relatively high., The working time for highly educated persons in Denmark is generally below the average for the European countries in the analysis, regardless if this is assessed per person in employment or per person in the population. The working time for persons with short and medium level education is marginally above the average when assessed in proportion to the number of persons in the population with short and medium level education., Get as pdf, Is the Danish working time short?, Colophone, Is the Danish working time short?, Subject group: Labour and income, Released: 6 March 2018 08:00, No. 2018:5, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact:

Analysis

Analyses: The global organisation of industrial groups has an impact on the measurement of Danish production and income

The way in which Danish enterprises choose to organise their production and sales in the global economy impacts whether it is reflected as domestic production and value added (GDP) or only as income (GNI) in the national accounts. When Danish enterprises sell products abroad, the activities are included in Danish GDP, whereas income based on sales via subsidiaries abroad is only included in GNI. In this way, the choice of sales channel impacts the statistics on Danish production and income., This analysis describes the global set-up of Danish industrial groups and their impact on the Danish economy. Focus is on the close correlation between Danish exports and in-come from subsidiaries abroad. The analysis is an extension of a Statistics Denmark analysis from 2016 dealing with goods exports outside Denmark by Danish manufactu¬ring enterprises. Income data from the central bank of Denmark, Nationalbanken, has allowed us to further document the importance of the industrial groups to the Danish economy., Main conclusions:, The industrial groups are important to the Danish economy; they export goods and services produced in Denmark or abroad and receive income from subsidiaries abroad. , In 2016, Danish industrial groups’ sale abroad of goods not crossing the Danish border accounted for almost a third of their total sale of goods abroad of DKK 524 billion., The income from subsidiaries of DKK 42.1 billion accounts for approximately one third of total earnings from Danish industrial groups’ manufacturing activities abroad. These ear-nings could have been counted as exports had the group chosen a different role for the production taking place in subsidiaries abroad., In 2016, the industrial groups’ activities abroad accounted for approximately 6 per cent of the Danish gross national income (GNI) and approximately 4 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP)., , This is a translation of an analysis previously published in Danish 1 October 2018. See the analysis , here., Get as pdf, The global organisation of industrial groups has an impact on the measurement of Danish production and income, Colophone, The global organisation of industrial groups has an impact on the measurement of Danish production and income, Subject group: Economy, Released: 27 May 2019 08:00, No. 2019:7, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact:, Mads Møller Liedig, Telephone: +45 40 12 97 72

Analysis

Analyses: Large language models and the Danish labour market

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as large language models are spreading rapidly. The most prominent example is ChatGPT, which gathered more than 100 million active users within two months. This type of generative AI has the potential to change the way people work, creating opportunities for innovation and productivity gains. However, the opportunities and challenges will most likely be unequally distributed across the workforce., This analysis explores the unequal economic impact of large language models (LLMs) on the Danish Labour Market. The analysis uses the so-called AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) scores from a study of the American labour market and merges these scores with administrative data from Statistics Denmark. The AIOE scores reflect the relatedness between AI applications and human abilities connected to different occupations. Thus, the scores express potential economic impact of AI applications across occupations through either labour-augmenting or labour-displacing effects., Main conclusions:, Occupations dominated by cognitive routine tasks have the highest potential to change through large language models. , Legal Professionals, is the occupation with the highest LLM score. The occupation with the lowest score is , Painters, building structure cleaners & related trades worker, ., Economic activities influenced by cognitive abilities have higher LLM scores than activities dominated by physical tasks. The activity with the highest LLM score is , Higher Education, . The activity with the lowest score is , Building completion and finishing, ., Employed females altogether have more potential to apply large language models than employed males. However, within , Human Health & Social Work activities, women have a slightly lower LLM score than males., Employees with high personal yearly income generally have more potential to use and take advantage of large language models than employees with lower income., , The analysis is available in Danish here: , Store sprogmodeller og det danske arbejdsmarked, , Get as pdf, Large language models and the Danish labour market, Colophone, Large language models and the Danish labour market, Subject group: Labour and income, Released: 8 February 2024 08:00, No. 2024:2, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact:

Analysis