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    Analyses: Is the Danish working time short?

    From a European perspective, the Danish working time is often described as short, and if the average hours worked by Danes in employment is compared to that of other EU countries, their working time is indeed short., However, many men and women participate in the labour market in Denmark, and taking this into account, is the Danes’ working time then actually short? This is the question that we examine in this analysis in which the Danes’ weekly working time is assessed by two different methods. In this context, we also look into groups in Denmark working more or less than the average of other European countries.,  , Major findings of the analysis: ,  , The Danish employment rate is relatively high, and Danish women have the third highest employment rate in the EU., If the working time is assessed in proportion to the number of persons in the population, the Danes’ average weekly working time is in the midrange and slightly above the EU average. The Danish working time per person in the population, however, is shorter than that of Sweden, Germany and Great Britain., The relatively short working time per person in employment is partly due to the fact that many students are working too. If students are disregarded, the Danish working time per person in employment is closer to, but still approximately one and a half hours shorter than the European countries included in the analysis., The working time per person in employment between 60 and 74 years is about the average of the European countries included in the analysis, whereas the working time per person in the population in this age group is somewhat above the average. This is because the employment rate among the 60-74-year-old Danes is relatively high., The working time for highly educated persons in Denmark is generally below the average for the European countries in the analysis, regardless if this is assessed per person in employment or per person in the population. The working time for persons with short and medium level education is marginally above the average when assessed in proportion to the number of persons in the population with short and medium level education., Get as pdf, Is the Danish working time short?, Colophone, Is the Danish working time short?, Subject group: Labour and income, Released: 6 March 2018 08:00, No. 2018:5, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact:

    Analysis

    Analyses: The global organisation of industrial groups has an impact on the measurement of Danish production and income

    The way in which Danish enterprises choose to organise their production and sales in the global economy impacts whether it is reflected as domestic production and value added (GDP) or only as income (GNI) in the national accounts. When Danish enterprises sell products abroad, the activities are included in Danish GDP, whereas income based on sales via subsidiaries abroad is only included in GNI. In this way, the choice of sales channel impacts the statistics on Danish production and income., This analysis describes the global set-up of Danish industrial groups and their impact on the Danish economy. Focus is on the close correlation between Danish exports and in-come from subsidiaries abroad. The analysis is an extension of a Statistics Denmark analysis from 2016 dealing with goods exports outside Denmark by Danish manufactu¬ring enterprises. Income data from the central bank of Denmark, Nationalbanken, has allowed us to further document the importance of the industrial groups to the Danish economy., Main conclusions:, The industrial groups are important to the Danish economy; they export goods and services produced in Denmark or abroad and receive income from subsidiaries abroad. , In 2016, Danish industrial groups’ sale abroad of goods not crossing the Danish border accounted for almost a third of their total sale of goods abroad of DKK 524 billion., The income from subsidiaries of DKK 42.1 billion accounts for approximately one third of total earnings from Danish industrial groups’ manufacturing activities abroad. These ear-nings could have been counted as exports had the group chosen a different role for the production taking place in subsidiaries abroad., In 2016, the industrial groups’ activities abroad accounted for approximately 6 per cent of the Danish gross national income (GNI) and approximately 4 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP).,  , This is a translation of an analysis previously published in Danish 1 October 2018. See the analysis , here., Get as pdf, The global organisation of industrial groups has an impact on the measurement of Danish production and income, Colophone, The global organisation of industrial groups has an impact on the measurement of Danish production and income, Subject group: Economy, Released: 27 May 2019 08:00, No. 2019:7, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact:, Mads Møller Liedig, Telephone: +45 40 12 97 72

    Analysis

    Analyses: Production abroad has an effect on Danish GDP

    Globalisation has created new business models. Although you can still find traditional manufacturing enterprises with factory production, development, sales and administration gathered within the Danish borders, it has become more common to spread across several countries. An increasing share of the Danish manufacturing enterprises produce their goods or some of their goods without factories in Denmark. In this way, the industrial processing does not take place in Denmark but in a factory abroa, Part of the value added from the processing in factories abroad is included in the Danish gross domestic product (GDP) because the factors of production of Danish enterprises – not least the intellectual capital – contribute to create the value of the foreign factories’ production. The intellectual capital of enterprises is based on research and development, and it is the basis for patents and other intellectual property rights that can be registered and traded. Tangible assets such as machinery and buildings are capital in the country in which they are located. Intangible assets are capital in the country in which their economic owner is registered. In this way, intangible assets are similar to aircraft or vessels, neither of which are geographically confined, but are included in the capital stock of the country in which the airline or shipping firm is registered. In this analysis, we discuss how using a foreign factory affects Danish production and value added., Main conclusions:, The production abroad of Danish manufacturing enterprises has grown considerably since it was first recorded in 2005. The increased production abroad of Danish enterprises has resulted in increased hourly productivity in manufacturing and reduced the employee com-pensation share of the value added in manufacturing., Gradually, the “factoryless” goods production of the manufacturing industry accounts for a higher share of Danish GDP than maritime transport. Factoryless production and maritime transport are characterised by their relatively small impact on Danish employment and a considerable Danish registered capital stock., Moving intangible capital and associated added value from one country to another can make GDP jump, as the Irish GDP did in 2015. This type of jump in GDP does not influ-ence gross national income (GNI) to the same extent, if the owner remains foreign. Be-cause, in the calculation of GNI, the net yield of intangible capital is transferred as factor earnings to the owner’s home country., Get as pdf, Production abroad has an effect on Danish GDP, Colophone, Production abroad has an effect on Danish GDP, Subject group: Economy, Released: 7 June 2019 08:00, No. 2019:8, ISSN pdf: 2446-0354, Contact:

    Analysis